Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 9, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
Rare variant hemoglobin Köln in Southern India-an underdiagnosed entity?
Swathi Kulkarni1, Deepalakshmi D Putchen2, Pradeep Kumar Venkatachala3
1Department of Hematology, Neuberg Anand Reference Laboratory, a unit of Neuberg Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Anand Tower, 54, Bowring Hospital Road, Shivajinagar, Bengaluru, 560001, Karnataka, India. drswathik@neubergdiagnostics.com.
Abstract:
We report a 15-year-old boy from Karnataka, India, initially misdiagnosed as HbE/β-thalassemia. On follow-up, Capillary electrophoresis (CE) showed a 3.3% peak in Zone 4, with the WBC Differential Fluorescence (WDF) scattergram on the Sysmex XN 10 instrument suggesting an unstable hemoglobin. CE pattern, along with heat stability testing, mass spectrometry, and molecular sequencing, confirmed Hb Köln (β98 Val → Met), also detected in his father. This case emphasizes the need to suspect unstable hemoglobins in unexplained hemolysis and highlights the diagnostic value of CE and WDF scattergram.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Hemoglobin
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Rh Blood Group
Disorders of Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
Multiple Allele Traits
The ABO Blood Group
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...

