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Related Concept Videos

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Fungal Group Zygomycota

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Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

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Lactic acid fermentation using Rhizopus spp.: current insights and future prospects.

Mst Mahmoda Akter1,2, Marium Akter Jim3, Brandon Gilroyed4,5

  • 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main Street East, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada.

Bioresources and Bioprocessing
|December 3, 2025
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Summary

Rhizopus fungi efficiently produce lactic acid (LA) from renewable sources, offering advantages over bacteria. This review details advancements in fungal LA production, bioprocess optimization, and techno-economic feasibility for sustainable applications.

Keywords:
RhizopusBioprocess optimizationDownstream purificationFungal fermentationLactic acidPolylactic acid (PLA)Renewable feedstocksTechno-economic analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology
  • Biochemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Lactic acid (LA) is a key organic acid with growing demand, particularly for biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) production.
  • Fungal fermentation using Rhizopus species presents advantages over bacterial methods, including substrate flexibility and valuable biomass by-products.
  • Optimizing LA production is crucial for meeting industrial demands sustainably.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in lactic acid production by Rhizopus species.
  • To explore metabolic pathways, fermentation strategies, and bioprocess optimization for fungal LA synthesis.
  • To analyze challenges, opportunities, and techno-economic feasibility of large-scale fungal LA production.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on Rhizopus-based lactic acid fermentation.
  • Analysis of metabolic and enzymatic pathways involved in LA synthesis.
  • Examination of bioprocess parameters (nutrients, pH, morphology) and fermentation modes.
  • Discussion of downstream processing, scale-up challenges, and techno-economic assessments.

Main Results:

  • Rhizopus species demonstrate efficient LA production from diverse renewable substrates.
  • Optimization of bioprocess parameters significantly enhances LA yield and productivity.
  • Advancements in high cell-density fermentation and downstream processing improve recovery and purity.
  • Techno-economic analysis indicates potential viability for industrial-scale fungal LA production.

Conclusions:

  • Rhizopus-based fermentation is a promising sustainable route for industrial lactic acid production.
  • Further research into metabolic engineering and process optimization can enhance efficiency and reduce costs.
  • Scale-up and techno-economic feasibility studies are essential for commercialization.