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Superficial Fluctuations in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy during Concurrent Transcranial Magnetic

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) effectively measures brain activity. This study confirms physiological noise in fNIRS data during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) requires removal for accurate results.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimaging
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Optical Imaging

    Background:

    • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures brain hemodynamics, offering advantages like portability and lower cost over fMRI.
    • fNIRS data can be confounded by physiological noises from scalp absorption, respiration, cardiac pulse, and movement.
    • Previous research established methods for removing noise during voluntary tasks and resting states.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the behavior of fNIRS noise components during concurrent recordings with electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
    • To compare noise profiles across motor tasks, single-pulse TMS, and repetitive TMS using whole-head fNIRS montage.
    • To validate the need for physiological noise removal in TMS-concurrent fNIRS data.

    Main Methods:

    • Concurrent fNIRS, EEG, and TMS (fNET) recordings were acquired.
    • Whole-head fNIRS montage with both short-separation and long-separation channels was utilized.
    • Spatial and temporal noise profiles were analyzed during motor tasks and different TMS protocols.

    Main Results:

    • Superficial fluctuations, a form of physiological noise, were present in TMS-concurrent fNIRS recordings.
    • Noise components exhibited similar spatial and temporal characteristics across motor tasks and TMS protocols, particularly at individuals' alpha frequency.
    • These findings underscore the necessity of removing physiological noise from fNIRS data acquired during concurrent TMS.

    Conclusions:

    • Physiological noise in fNIRS data is consistent across motor tasks and TMS protocols.
    • Accurate cerebral activity imaging with fNIRS during concurrent TMS requires careful removal of superficial fluctuations.
    • fNIRS offers a cost-effective, clinically accessible neuroimaging option, especially when combined with TMS for therapeutic applications.