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Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Design of a Configurable 16-Electrode Sense and Stimulation Neuromodulation System.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
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Design and Implementation of a Flexible Stimulator for Neuromodulation Applications.

Heather Orser, Tidiane Kone, Harry Aung

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 3, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a low-cost, programmable neuromodulation system for precise electrical stimulation. The open-source device generates complex, user-defined waveforms, advancing neuromodulation research and applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Electrical Engineering

    Background:

    • Neuromodulation therapies require precise electrical stimulation.
    • Current systems often lack flexibility, are expensive, or cannot generate arbitrary waveforms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a fully programmable, low-cost neuromodulation system.
    • To enable the generation of complex, user-defined stimulation patterns.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a system with independent control of amplitude, pulse width, frequency, and shape.
    • Supported monophasic, biphasic, and arbitrary waveforms with balanced/unbalanced charge delivery.
    • Validated performance via benchtop characterization and in vitro testing.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated accuracy and reliability in generating diverse waveforms.
    • The system offers independent control over key stimulation parameters.
    • Successfully validated through rigorous testing.

    Conclusions:

    • The system provides a flexible, low-cost solution for complex waveform generation.
    • Facilitates research into neural responses and optimization of neuromodulation therapies.
    • Open-source nature democratizes access to advanced neuromodulation technology.