HEMT-Based Wearable Biosensors for Noninvasive Health Monitoring and AI-Driven Diagnostics: A Review

Wearable biosensors based on high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology are revolutionizing healthcare by enabling real-time, noninvasive monitoring of physiological parameters via biochemical markers present in biofluids like sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid. The exceptional properties of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, such as high sensitivity, excellent biocompatibility, and superior thermal resilience, make them perfect for flexible, skin-friendly wearable sensor devices. Advancements in electrochemical sensing technologies have noticeably enhanced the ability to detect various biomarkers, such as metabolites, bacteria, and hormones. These innovations are further enhanced by integrating microfluidic systems, flexible materials, and miniaturized components, which increase the comfort and efficiency of wearable devices. Clinical implementation and large-scale analyses are necessary to establish the capability and stability of these devices. The expanding reach of artificial intelligence (AI) is boosting the adoption of wearable biosensors, enabling data transmission through wireless communication technologies. AI is increasingly being used to analyze physiological data, providing users with personalized health insights. This paper reviews the recent advancements in wearable biosensor technology, providing its potential to enhance personalized healthcare and addressing current challenges of these devices that hinder their wider adoption and practical implementation.