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Related Concept Videos

pH01:24

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion...
Indicators02:39

Indicators

Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are called...
pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory Regulation of...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
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Non-invasive Fetal Blood pH Estimation for Enhanced Intrapartum Monitoring using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Randall Fowler, Begum Kasap, Weitai Qian

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 3, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces continuous fetal blood pH monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy. Machine learning accurately estimates blood acidity, improving fetal health assessment and diagnosing acidosis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Spectroscopy
    • Fetal Physiology

    Background:

    • Fetal monitoring lacks tools for assessing blood and tissue health, relying on heart rate or spatial data.
    • Blood pH is a key indicator of fetal acid-base balance and well-being.
    • Current methods do not provide insights into fetal blood acidity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a continuous fetal blood pH monitoring strategy.
    • To utilize near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for spectral feature extraction.
    • To assess fetal viability using machine learning models.

    Main Methods:

    • Applied NIR spectroscopy to collect data from a hypoxic lamb model.
    • Extracted spectral fluctuation features for pH estimation.
    • Utilized a convolutional neural network (CNN) for viability assessment and feature analysis.

    Main Results:

    • A machine learning model accurately extracted features related to fetal blood pH changes.
    • The model achieved a mean estimation error below 0.05 pH units.
    • Demonstrated capability for continuous fetal blood pH measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed NIR spectroscopy and ML approach enables continuous fetal blood pH monitoring.
    • This method offers a novel clinical tool for evaluating fetal acid-base balance and diagnosing acidosis.
    • Addresses a critical gap in current fetal health assessment tools.