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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Impression Management Techniques II: Ingratiation01:29

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Ingratiation refers to deliberate behaviors aimed at increasing one’s attractiveness or likability to a target person, often for strategic interpersonal or social gain. This set of impression management tactics is especially prevalent in hierarchical contexts, where influencing someone with greater power or authority can yield significant benefits. Several distinct ingratiation strategies have been identified, each leveraging psychological cues to foster favor and affiliation.Opinion...
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Aligning actions are communicative strategies individuals employ to maintain social harmony and preserve personal identity in the face of potential disruptions to social norms. These actions are particularly important in managing social impressions when one's behavior might be seen as inappropriate, incompetent, or morally questionable.Types of Aligning ActionsThe three principal types of aligning actions are disclaimers, accounts, and apologies.DisclaimersDisclaimers are preventive; they are...
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Tongue01:01

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The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
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Mastering Tongue-Computer Interfaces: A Pilot Study on How Users Improve With Practice.

Ana S Santos Cardoso, Rasmus L Kaseler, Alexander L Ammitzboll

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study shows that using a tongue-operated computer interface improves performance over time for both disabled and non-disabled individuals. Repeated practice enhances speed and accuracy with these assistive technologies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Assistive Technology
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Rehabilitation Engineering

    Background:

    • Tongue-operated input devices are crucial for individuals with motor disabilities to interact with technology.
    • Traditional devices often use tongue piercings, but frame-integrated tracers offer a non-invasive alternative.
    • Understanding the learning curve for these new devices is essential for user adoption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolution of user ability with a frame-integrated tongue-operated input device.
    • To compare learning trajectories between individuals with and without motor disabilities.
    • To assess the impact of repeated use on performance metrics.

    Main Methods:

    • Five individuals without motor disabilities and seven with motor disabilities (including spinal cord injury and ALS) participated.
    • Participants used a non-invasive inductive tongue-computer interface over multiple sessions.
    • Performance was measured using an intraoral target selection task at the start of each session.

    Main Results:

    • Non-disabled participants improved target selection time by 26% and success rate by 15%.
    • Spinal cord injury participants showed a 40% increase in success rate, with stable selection time.
    • Individuals with motor disabilities exhibited a higher error rate compared to controls, suggesting a need for adjusted dwell times.

    Conclusions:

    • Repeated use of tongue-operated input devices demonstrably improves intraoral target selection speed and accuracy.
    • Individuals with motor disabilities may benefit from longer dwell times to mitigate unintentional target selection.
    • Frame-integrated tongue tracers show promise as an effective assistive technology, with potential for further optimization based on user needs.