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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

6.5K
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
6.5K
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

9.5K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
9.5K
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

6.9K
Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
6.9K
Classification of Connective Tissues01:30

Classification of Connective Tissues

14.5K
The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense....
14.5K
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.0K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
3.0K
Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

8.5K
The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

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Explainable Contrastive Learning for KL Grading Classification in Knee Osteoarthritis.

Fengyi Gao, Nickolas Littlefield, Nicole Myers

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |December 3, 2025
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces an explainable AI framework for knee osteoarthritis grading using knee X-rays. The AI model accurately predicts Kellgren-Lawrence grades and focuses on relevant areas for clinical assessment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
    • Radiology and Medical Imaging
    • Orthopedics

    Background:

    • Knee osteoarthritis (OA) assessment is crucial for early diagnosis and monitoring.
    • Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading is a standard method for evaluating OA severity.
    • Automating KL grading can improve efficiency and consistency in clinical practice.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate an effective and explainable AI framework for automated KL grading.
    • To utilize plain knee radiographs for OA assessment.
    • To enhance AI model explainability through integrated visualization techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel AI framework combining contrastive learning for feature representation.
    • Integration of Grad-CAM++ visualization for AI model explainability.
    • Validation using plain knee radiographs for Kellgren-Lawrence grading.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed AI model achieved promising classification accuracy for KL grading.
    • Explainability analysis confirmed the AI model focuses on clinically relevant regions.
    • The AI's focus aligns with domain-specific orthopedic knowledge, validated by experts.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed AI framework offers an effective and explainable approach for automated knee OA assessment.
    • The combination of contrastive learning and Grad-CAM++ enhances both performance and interpretability.
    • This AI tool has the potential to aid clinicians in early diagnosis and monitoring of knee osteoarthritis.