A Method for Heartbeat Extraction Using Combined BCG and IPG Signals from a Smart Shoe Insole

Wearable technology has become an essential tool for real-time health monitoring, enabling the measurement of key physiological parameters in everyday environments. Among these, smart insoles offer a promising platform for unobtrusive cardiovascular monitoring. In this work, we propose a method for extracting heartbeats by combining impedance plethysmography (IPG) and ballistocardiography (BCG) signals acquired from a shoe insole. By integrating both signals, our approach enhances the accuracy and reliability of heartbeat detection, overcoming the limitations of relying on a single signal source. The proposed method has been tested with a database of six healthy volunteers using the smart insole with socks and detection rates of 95.1% when standing and 96.7% when sitting were achieved.Clinical Relevance- This study introduces a robust method for heartbeat detection by combining IPG and BCG signals, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of this parameter when acquired from a shoe insole. Its potential integration into wearable devices could enable non-invasive, real-time heart rate monitoring in smart insoles.