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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction
Published on: January 26, 2016
Synergistic coordination-driven surface reconciliation enables liquid metals interconnects with strain-insensitivity
Kai Zhao1, Yalong Liu1, Yanbo Zhao1
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
None:
Stretchable interconnects are essential for reliable signal transmission in wearable electronics, demanding high conductivity, strain insensitivity and robust adhesion. While gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) offer intrinsic deformability and conductivity, their practical uses as interconnects are hindered by poor adhesion, leakage, and interfacial instability with polymers. Herein, we introduce a synergistic coordination-driven surface reconciliation strategy using α-lipoic acid (LA) and tannic acid (TA) to develop high-performance LM interconnects. Thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of LA generated disulfide bonds and carboxyl groups that coordinate with LM nanoparticles (LMNPs), ensuring dispersion stability. Concurrently, the catechol/gallol groups of TA dynamically coordinated with both LMNPs and poly(LA), enabling autonomous interfacial reconciliation. This strategy makes the embedded LMNPs conformally deform within polymers upon stretching, leading to both strain-insensitivity (ΔR/R0 < 25 % at 500 % strain) and exceptional adhesion (50 MPa on glass) without any leakage issue. Additionally, reversible coordination and disulfide interactions within this system enable efficient recycling and reprinting of LM interconnects. Demonstrations including stable signal transmission, wireless LED control, and high-fidelity EMG recording validate their broad applicability for robust stretchable hybrid electronics.
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