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A rapid high-throughput strategy for detecting voriconazole based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Quanfang Wang1, Heping Wu2, Chuqi Bai1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method offers rapid, point-of-care testing for voriconazole (VOR) drug levels. This technique aids therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for better invasive aspergillosis treatment.

Keywords:
Density functional theoryGold nanoparticlesSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyTherapeutic drug monitoringVoriconazole

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Voriconazole (VOR) is crucial for invasive aspergillosis but shows high inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability.
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential for optimizing VOR treatment efficacy and safety.
  • Current monitoring methods have limitations, driving the need for novel point-of-care testing (POCT) solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method for rapid, label-free quantification of VOR.
  • To establish a point-of-care testing (POCT) strategy for voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
  • To assess the clinical utility of the developed SERS method using patient blood samples.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical Raman spectra of VOR were predicted using density functional theory.
  • Gold nanoparticles were used as SERS substrates, optimizing detection conditions including nanoparticle characteristics and aggregating agents.
  • A novel SERS method was established by combining ethyl acetate extraction and enrichment techniques for VOR detection.

Main Results:

  • A sensitive and specific SERS method for VOR detection was successfully developed.
  • Optimization of SERS parameters ensured reliable and reproducible measurements.
  • The SERS method demonstrated clinical utility when validated against patient blood samples using enzyme-multiplied immunoassay.

Conclusions:

  • A rapid, label-free, high-throughput SERS method was developed for VOR TDM.
  • This SERS approach represents a promising novel strategy for POCT of clinical antimicrobial drugs.
  • The method requires a small sample volume, making it suitable for routine clinical application.