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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
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Exploring Methods to Include Carbon Emissions Into a Health Technology Assessment: The Case of Remote Patient

Sophia L Kingma1, Egid M van Bree2, Maureen P M H Rutten-van Mölken3

  • 1Emergency Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Value in Health : the Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) after cardiac surgery has higher carbon emissions than usual care (UC). However, RPM remains cost-saving and preferred in multi-criteria analysis, highlighting the need for broader policies to reduce healthcare

Keywords:
HTAMCDAcarbon footprintenvironmental impactremote patient management

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Area of Science:

  • Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
  • Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare
  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Background:

  • Incorporating environmental outcomes into HTA is crucial for sustainable healthcare.
  • Remote patient monitoring (RPM) offers potential benefits but its environmental impact requires evaluation.
  • Cardiac surgery patients are a key population for assessing new monitoring technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate two methodological approaches for integrating environmental outcomes into HTA.
  • To compare the environmental impact and cost-effectiveness of RPM versus usual care (UC) post-cardiac surgery.
  • To assess the feasibility of economic evaluation and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in HTA with environmental considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Reanalysis of an observational cohort (N=730) comparing RPM and UC over 3 months.
  • Quantification of carbon emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA).
  • Application of extended economic evaluation and MCDA with stakeholder valuations.

Main Results:

  • RPM exhibited higher carbon emissions (90.7 kg CO2eq/patient) than UC (55.4 kg CO2eq/patient), primarily due to device production.
  • Despite higher emissions, RPM was cost-saving (€102/patient) with a positive net monetary benefit (€42).
  • MCDA showed RPM outperformed UC in 5/6 criteria; UC was only favored on environmental impact, with stakeholders assigning moderate weight to this criterion.

Conclusions:

  • Both economic evaluation and MCDA are feasible for incorporating environmental outcomes in HTA.
  • MCDA allows explicit consideration of sustainability but is sensitive to subjective stakeholder choices.
  • Broader policy instruments are essential for reducing the overall carbon footprint of healthcare, complementing HTA processes.