Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

138.2K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
138.2K
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

6.0K
Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
6.0K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

23.9K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
23.9K
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

1.4K
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Immune-metabolic mediation of depression risk: Causal evidence from antibody and metabolite GWAS.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Correction: Chen et al. Chemical Composition of <i>Litsea pungens</i> Essential Oil and Its Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. <i>Molecules</i> 2023, <i>28</i>, 6835.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Clinical application of the F21 multipurpose cystoscope with continuous irrigation capability in photoselective vaporization of the prostate: a retrospective controlled study.

Frontiers in surgery·2026
Same author

A biodegradable nanocellulose based piezoelectric energy conversion device strengthened by designing PVA-cellulose dual-network structure for green in-situ synthesis of ZnO.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026
Same author

Temporal patterns and risk factors of recurrent influenza infection: a population-based epidemiological study.

BMC public health·2026
Same author

Multifactorial analysis of allergen-specific IgE sensitization in children with allergic diseases in Suzhou, China.

BMC pediatrics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus
14:50

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Published on: January 12, 2015

39.5K

In Vitro transcriptase: Methods for studying XNA synthesis.

Lisa Nakayama1, Lijun Zhou1

  • 1Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) offer enhanced stability and binding for therapeutics. This study details a method for synthesizing XNAs using an engineered polymerase, SFM 5-7, via in vitro transcription.

Keywords:
2′-Fluoro-RNAIn vitro transcriptionPolymerase purificationXNA

More Related Videos

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

11.0K
In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery
09:28

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus
14:50

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Published on: January 12, 2015

39.5K
Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

11.0K
In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery
09:28

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) are DNA/RNA analogs with modified sugar backbones.
  • These modifications enhance nuclease resistance and binding affinity.
  • XNAs are promising for oligonucleotide therapeutics like antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the purification of engineered polymerase SFM 5-7.
  • To present an in vitro transcription protocol for XNA synthesis using SFM 5-7.
  • To demonstrate XNA synthesis using 2'-fluoro-RNA (2'-F-RNA) as an example.

Main Methods:

  • Purification of engineered polymerase SFM 5-7.
  • In vitro transcription of XNA using SFM 5-7.
  • Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) for reaction monitoring.

Main Results:

  • The engineered polymerase SFM 5-7 was successfully purified.
  • A protocol for in vitro transcription of XNA was established.
  • 2'-F-RNA was synthesized and analyzed using PAGE.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro transcription is an effective method for XNA synthesis in labs lacking solid-phase synthesizers.
  • The engineered polymerase SFM 5-7 can synthesize XNAs with 2'-modifications.
  • This protocol facilitates the use of XNAs in research and therapeutic development.