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Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review

Mojtaba Memariani1,2, Hamed Memariani3

  • 1Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran.

Health Science Reports
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Gut microbiota alterations are linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. Modifying the gut microbiome through therapies like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise for treating MS.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with complex genetic and environmental causes.
  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is increasingly recognized as a significant factor influencing MS progression, primarily through its impact on the immune system.
  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in immune health, especially in the context of autoimmune conditions like MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on gut microbiota alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  • To explore potential microbiota-based therapeutic strategies for managing MS.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Searched for contemporary evidence on gut microbiota dysbiosis in MS patients.
  • Included studies investigating the modification of gut microbiota for therapeutic purposes in MS.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in bacterial phyla, orders, families, genera, and metabolites were identified in MS patients compared to controls.
  • Potential therapeutic interventions include antibiotics, probiotics, dietary changes, fecal microbiota transplantation, phage therapy, and helminth therapy.
  • These interventions offer opportunities for modulating the gut microbiota in MS treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating the gut microbiota represents a potential treatment strategy for multiple sclerosis.
  • Standardization of microbiota-based therapies is crucial for future research.
  • Large-scale studies are needed to confirm the clinical relevance and efficacy of these therapeutic approaches in MS.
Keywords:
dietdysbiosisgut microbiotamultiple sclerosisprobiotics

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