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At-Risk Butterfly Captive Propagation Programs to Enhance Life History Knowledge and Effective Ex Situ Conservation Techniques

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Integrated Salmon Hatcheries Can Pose Less Genetic Risk to Wild Populations Than Segregated Programs, Given Imperfect

Jack H Buckner^1,2, Michael J Ford³, Marissa L Baskett¹

¹Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California USA.

Evolutionary Applications

|December 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Integrating wild fish into hatchery programs is more effective at protecting wild populations from genetic risks than reducing hatchery fish spawning in the wild. This strategy is robust to implementation errors.

Keywords:

Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)artificial propagation gene flow local adaptation population genetics—theoretical quantitative genetics

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Area of Science:

Conservation Biology
Population Genetics
Fisheries Management

Background:

Hatchery programs offer conservation benefits but can negatively impact wild fish populations through genetic and ecological interactions.
Two key strategies to mitigate genetic risks include minimizing hatchery fish spawning in the wild and integrating wild fish into hatchery broodstock.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness and robustness of two genetic risk mitigation strategies for hatchery programs under imperfect implementation scenarios.
To evaluate the impact of implementation errors on the success of reducing hatchery-origin spawners versus incorporating wild-origin broodstock.

Main Methods:

A quantitative population genetic model was developed to simulate the effects of imperfect implementation of mitigation strategies.
The model was parameterized using empirical data from hatchery programs in Washington and Oregon to reflect realistic implementation errors.

Main Results:

Incorporating wild-origin broodstock into hatchery programs proved more robust to both short- and long-term implementation errors than minimizing hatchery-origin spawners in the wild.
Significant increases in robustness were achieved with relatively low levels of hatchery integration, provided hatchery-origin spawners were also kept low.

Conclusions:

Integrated hatchery programs, which include wild-origin individuals, pose a lower genetic risk to wild populations compared to segregated programs, especially when considering realistic implementation errors.
The findings support the use of integrated hatchery strategies for more effective genetic conservation of wild fish populations.