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Glomerulonephritis, the Most Common Extrahepatic Manifestation Caused by Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Possible
Ziyang Lin1,2,3, Xianlong Zhang1,4, Ying Lai2,5
1The Second Clinical Medical College, Chinese Medicine Guangdong laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
Abstract:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global public health concern. The virus exhibits broad tropism and can affect various organs and systems besides the liver. Among various HBV-related extrahepatic diseases, glomerulonephritis, represented by membranous nephropathy, is the most common type. HBV-associated membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN) typically manifests as nephrotic syndrome with an insidious onset. Notably, 30% of adult patients progress to renal failure, underscoring the urgency for early diagnosis and intervention. Current challenges encompass underdiagnosis risks in occult HBV-MN, lack of stratified guidance in treatment strategies, marked heterogeneity of immune complex deposition patterns in HBV-GN, and incompletely characterized pathogenic mechanisms. This review synthesizes current understanding of HBV-MN, covering clinical manifestations, therapeutic interventions, and mechanistic insights into the signaling pathways involved in its pathogenesis.
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