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Regulatory Problems in Infancy: Prevalence and Association With Early Neurodevelopmental and Medical Conditions in

E Carlsson1,2, H Zhu3, P Linnsand1,3

  • 1Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)
|December 4, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Persistent regulatory problems (RPs) affect 4.2% of young children in immigrant, low-resource populations. Early identification of RPs can lead to interventions for co-occurring neurodevelopmental and medical conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Child Health
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Persistent regulatory problems (RPs) are increasingly recognized in early childhood.
  • Understanding the prevalence and co-occurrence of RPs is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Immigrant and low-resource populations may face unique challenges in accessing early developmental support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of persistent regulatory problems (RPs) in children aged 3-18 months from an immigrant, low-resource population.
  • To assess the developmental trajectory of RPs and their coexistence with other early neurodevelopmental and medical conditions in toddlers.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of medical records from child health services.
  • Inclusion of 884 children aged 3-18 months from a defined target population.
  • Follow-up assessment at 2.5 years for neurodevelopmental disorders and medical conditions.

Main Results:

  • A prevalence of 4.2% (37 of 884 children) with persistent RPs was identified between 3-18 months.
  • Combined forms of RPs were most common, typically emerging between 6-12 months.
  • At 2.5 years, 13 children were diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders (9 autism, 4 language disorders), all showing early signs by 18 months. 19 children had co-existing medical conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent RPs can be early indicators of neurodevelopmental disorders and co-existing medical conditions.
  • Enhanced knowledge and improved assessment methods for RPs in child health services are vital.
  • Early identification of RPs can facilitate timely interventions for associated conditions.
Abstract

Keywords:
crying problemsearly coexisting conditionsfeeding problemsprevalencesleeping problems

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