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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

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Source-resolved PM2.5 oxidative potential predicts global mortality burden: A machine learning approach.

Charles O Esu1, Kuk Cho2

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Environmental Management
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
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Source-resolved oxidative potential (OPv) from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a better predictor of mortality than PM2.5 mass alone. This study developed global OPv source-resolved functions to improve air quality risk assessment and policy.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) oxidative potential (OPv) is a key health indicator.
  • Existing concentration-response functions (CRFs) for PM2.5 mass lack source-specific data, limiting global health risk assessments.
  • Source-resolved OPv (OPv^source) data is crucial for accurate epidemiological studies and targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop global source-resolved OPv CRFs (OPv^source CRFs) for major emission sectors.
  • To quantify the contribution of different emission sources to global OPv.
  • To evaluate the predictive power of OPv^source for PM2.5-attributable mortality compared to PM2.5 concentration and OPv^PM2.5.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated machine learning, statistical techniques, and extensive datasets on PM2.5 concentrations, source apportionment (50 countries), and measured OPv (>10,000 measurements in 29 countries).
Keywords:
Emission control policiesEnvironmental epidemiologyHealth risk assessmentParticulate matter toxicityRedox activity

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  • Developed intrinsic OP per unit mass (OPm) for energy (ENE), transportation (TRO), industry (IND), and agriculture/residential combustion (AGS + RCO) sectors.
  • Applied developed CRFs to 2017 PM2.5 source data across 203 countries and used Poisson regression to assess mortality prediction.

    • Main Results:

    • Distinct OPm values were identified for major PM2.5 emission sectors, with ENE > TRO > IND > AGS + RCO.
    • The global average OPv^source was estimated at 0.78 nmol min⁻¹ m⁻³ (95% CI: [0.39, 1.2]), with ENE (33%) and AGS + RCO (31%) as primary contributors.
    • OPv^source significantly outperformed PM2.5 concentration and OPv^PM2.5 in predicting PM2.5-attributable mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • Source-resolved OPv is a more accurate and critical metric for assessing PM2.5 health risks than previously used metrics.
    • The developed global OPv^source CRFs provide a robust tool for national and international air quality management.
    • Findings support the implementation of targeted policies to reduce the health burden associated with specific PM2.5 emission sources.