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Design principles for adaptive and evolving engineered living materials.

Yifan Cui¹, Mark W Tibbitt¹, Timothy K Lu²

¹Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

|December 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered living materials (ELMs) integrate microbes and matrices for self-repairing systems. This review explores microbial-material interactions to create adaptive, evolving ELMs that respond dynamically to their environment.

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Synthetic Biology
Microbiology

Background:

Engineered living materials (ELMs) combine microorganisms with structural matrices.
Current ELMs primarily focus on programming microbes for material function.
A less explored area is leveraging reciprocal cell-material interactions for adaptive systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline key modes of cell-material interactions in ELMs.
To provide a framework for developing adaptive and evolving ELMs.
To expand the functional capabilities of sustainable, programmable materials.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on engineered living materials.
Analysis of reciprocal interactions between microbial cells and support matrices.
Framework development for understanding and engineering dynamic cell-material systems.

Main Results:

Identified key modes of cell-material interactions as crucial for ELM functionality.
Highlighted the potential for reciprocal interactions to drive material adaptation and evolution.
Emphasized the need to understand how matrices influence microbial behavior and vice versa.

Conclusions:

Reciprocal microbial-material interactions offer a pathway to advanced, adaptive ELMs.
Understanding these interactions is key to creating responsive and evolving materials.
This framework can guide the development of next-generation sustainable and programmable biomaterials.