The downside of tamponade: Silicone oil emulsification and its ocular impact

Silicone oil (SO) remains an essential intraocular tamponade in vitreoretinal surgery, particularly for complex retinal detachments; however, its long-term use is associated with significant complications, of which emulsification is the most clinically impactful. We offer a comprehensive synthesis of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, and management of SO emulsification. We begin by outlining the chemical structure and biophysical properties of SO, emphasizing the role of viscosity, interfacial tension, and molecular purity in emulsification resistance. The manufacturing process and its relevance to residual impurities, including surfactant-like components, are highlighted as critical contributors to emulsification risk. Clinical risk factors spanning preoperative inflammation, intraoperative techniques, and postoperative dynamics are detailed. Multimodal imaging including optical coherence tomography, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and fundus autofluorescence provides diagnostic insight into emulsified SO, while standardized grading systems offer a framework for clinical assessment. We also address pharmacokinetic alterations in SO-filled and emulsified eyes, impacting drug distribution and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, steroids, and antimicrobials. Management strategies include individualized algorithmic decision-making approach regarding the timing and technique of SO removal, acknowledging the challenges in achieving complete elimination of microdroplets. Emerging innovations in SO formulations, surface modifications, fluorinated oils, and AI-driven imaging tools are discussed as future solutions. Ultimately, our review underscores the need for an integrative approach combining material science, surgical expertise, and personalized care to mitigate the complications of SO emulsification and optimize long-term outcomes in retinal surgery.