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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
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Multidimensional oral frailty scale developed through an international e-Delphi approach.

Keerthika Natarajan1, Mun Loke Wong1, Matthew Zhixuan Chen2

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Journal of Dentistry
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new 24-item scale (OF-24) was developed to assess oral frailty, a condition of declining oral function. This patient-reported tool aids in early detection and intervention for oral frailty in various settings.

Keywords:
ConsensusDiagnosisElderlyFrailtyGeriatric dentistryOral healthQuestionnaire

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Dentistry
  • Oral Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Oral frailty is a distinct phenotype of functional decline affecting mastication, swallowing, oral motor skills, and salivation.
  • A comprehensive understanding of oral frailty is crucial for geriatric patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a patient-reported, multidimensional scale for assessing oral frailty.
  • To utilize an e-Delphi approach with international experts to create the scale.

Main Methods:

  • An operational definition of oral frailty guided scale development, assessing 8 components across 4 domains.
  • A systematic literature search identified 185 potential items, refined through a 3-round e-Delphi process with 25 international experts.
  • Experts rated item relevance, suggested new items, and ranked them by importance to select the final 24 items.

Main Results:

  • The e-Delphi process refined 185 initial items down to a 24-item scale (OF-24).
  • The final scale captures key dimensions of oral frailty, including mastication, swallowing, oral motor skills, and salivation.
  • Expert consensus was achieved on item wording, response options, and recall periods.

Conclusions:

  • The 24-Item Oral Frailty Scale (OF-24) is a validated, patient-reported tool for detecting oral frailty.
  • OF-24 is suitable for use in clinical and community settings for diagnosis, risk stratification, and early intervention.
  • Further validation across diverse populations and languages is recommended for widespread adoption.