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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

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Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Related Experiment Video

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Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles
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Molecular glues evolve from serendipity to rational design.

Princy Shrivastav1, Rohit Singh2, Andrew J Wiemer3

  • 1School of Health Sciences & Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Molecular glues (MGs) are compounds that modulate protein interactions. Rational design approaches and emerging technologies are advancing MGs from natural products to synthetic therapeutics in clinical trials.

Keywords:
14-3-3E3 ligasePROTACbutyrophilinimmunomodulatory drugsubiquitin-proteasome

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Molecular glues (MGs) are a class of small molecules that modulate protein interactions.
  • Classical MGs were discovered serendipitously, presenting a challenge for rational design.
  • Understanding structure-activity relationships (SAR) is crucial for developing novel MGs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the evolution of molecular glues from natural products to synthetic compounds.
  • To discuss the integration of emerging technologies for the rational design of MGs.
  • To showcase the increasing target diversity and clinical potential of MGs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical discoveries and serendipitous findings of MGs.
  • Analysis of recent advances in understanding MG structure-activity relationships (SAR).
  • Exploration of emerging structure-based design technologies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in the rational design of novel molecular glues.
  • Structure-based design technologies have expanded the range of druggable targets for MGs.
  • Multiple MG candidates are currently undergoing clinical trials, indicating therapeutic promise.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular glues represent a rapidly evolving therapeutic modality.
  • Integration of advanced technologies is key to unlocking the full potential of rational MG design.
  • Emerging synthetic MGs hold significant promise for future therapeutic applications.