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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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LEC2 unlocks totipotency by unlocking chromatin.

Anna M Wójcik1

  • 1Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.

Trends in Plant Science
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Plants can regenerate using somatic embryogenesis (SE), where somatic cells form embryos. Peng et al. found LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) is key, reprogramming cells via chromatin remodeling and epigenetic pathways.

Keywords:
LEC2WOX2epigeneticsregenerationsomatic embryogenesistotipotency

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Plants possess remarkable regenerative abilities, notably somatic embryogenesis (SE), the process of forming embryos from somatic cells.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing SE is crucial for plant science and biotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key regulators controlling somatic embryogenesis in plants.
  • To elucidate the pathways through which these regulators reprogram somatic cells for totipotency.

Main Methods:

  • The study focused on the role of LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) in regulating SE.
  • Investigated chromatin remodeling and the activation of totipotency regulators.
  • Examined the involvement of epigenetic and hormonal signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) was identified as a central regulator of somatic embryogenesis.
  • LEC2 facilitates SE by remodeling chromatin structure.
  • LEC2 activates downstream totipotency regulators via epigenetic and hormonal mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • LEC2 plays a pivotal role in initiating and controlling plant somatic embryogenesis.
  • Epigenetic modifications and hormonal signals orchestrated by LEC2 enable somatic cells to revert to a totipotent state.
  • This research provides fundamental insights into plant regeneration and developmental plasticity.