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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
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Vitiligo.

Julien Seneschal1,2, Jung Min Bae3, Khaled Ezzedine4

  • 1University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno ConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France. julien.seneschal@chu-bordeaux.fr.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition affecting 0.36% globally. Emerging treatments aim to halt depigmentation, restore pigment, and improve quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo is an acquired autoimmune disorder causing skin depigmentation, affecting 0.36% of the global population.
  • It manifests in three forms: non-segmental, segmental, and mixed, significantly impacting mental well-being and quality of life.
  • Pathogenesis involves genetic factors influencing immune response and melanogenesis, alongside environmental triggers for non-segmental vitiligo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management.
  • To highlight recent advancements in treatment and ongoing research for vitiligo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on vitiligo pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of melanocyte loss, including cellular stress and immune responses.
  • Examination of clinical management strategies and emerging therapies.

Main Results:

  • Melanocyte loss in vitiligo involves cellular stress, immune activation (particularly tissue-resident memory T cells), and impaired melanocyte stem cell regeneration.
  • Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with laboratory tests rarely needed.
  • Recent treatment approvals offer potential for reversing disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Vitiligo pathogenesis is complex, involving genetic and environmental factors targeting melanocytes.
  • Clinical management focuses on halting depigmentation, initiating repigmentation, and sustained pigment restoration.
  • Emerging therapies targeting immune modulation and melanocyte regeneration show promise for vitiligo treatment.