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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

244
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
244
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

195
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
195
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

231
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
231
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods01:30

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods

238
Pharmacokinetics is a vital branch of pharmacology that examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Two key methodologies in pharmacokinetics are plasma drug concentration studies and urinary drug excretion analyses, both of which provide critical insights into a drug's therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.Plasma Drug Concentration-Time StudiesPlasma drug concentration-time studies involve analyzing blood samples at specific intervals to quantify...
238
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

176
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
176
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance01:07

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance

250
Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible.
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

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Tafenoquine lactation pharmacokinetics: a pilot study.

Mary Ellen Gilder1,2, Thanaporn Wattanakul3, Joel Tarning4,3

  • 1Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 78/1 Moo 5 Mae Ramat, Tak, 63140, Thailand. Mellie@shoklo-unit.com.

Malaria Journal
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tafenoquine is excreted in breastmilk at low levels, with estimated infant doses below safety thresholds. Further research is needed to confirm tafenoquine safety for breastfeeding mothers and infants.

Keywords:
BreastmilkMalariaRadical cureSafetyVivax

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Maternal-fetal medicine
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria requires 8-aminoquinolines.
  • Tafenoquine offers advantages over primaquine for single-dose treatment.
  • Excretion of tafenoquine in breastmilk and infant safety are unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify tafenoquine excretion in human breastmilk.
  • To estimate the dose of tafenoquine ingested by breastfed infants.
  • To inform recommendations for breastfeeding women on tafenoquine use.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot pharmacokinetic study in six healthy lactating volunteers.
  • Paired breastmilk and venous blood samples collected serially.
  • Analysis of foremilk and hindmilk for tafenoquine concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Tafenoquine concentrations in milk were similar to plasma concentrations (milk/plasma ratio 1.09).
  • Estimated infant doses were below conventional safety thresholds (RID < 13.52%).
  • Tafenoquine was well tolerated by mothers.

Conclusions:

  • Tafenoquine is measurable in breastmilk in small amounts.
  • Further studies are required to confirm infant safety and establish dosing guidelines.
  • Recommendations for breastfeeding women require additional data on infant exposure and outcomes.