Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 9, 2026
Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
Published on: December 29, 2016
A comprehensive review of the spodium bond as a new crystal engineering motif in Zn/Cd complexes: challenges and
Suman Hazra1,2, Dhrubajyoti Majumdar1, Dhiraj Das3
1Department of Chemistry, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk-721636, West Bengal, India. dmajumdar30@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Currently, noncovalent interactions (NCIs), σ/π holes, and spodium bonds (SpBs) are intriguing areas of research in coordination chemistry. Thus, this branch of chemistry offers valuable opportunities for exploration. Still, challenges remain in recognizing the functions of metal complexes in NCI and SpBs. Over the last few years (2019-2025), substantial research has emerged on the SpB features of Zn/Cd complexes with X donor ligands (X = N/O/S/Cl) that go beyond Zn⋯N/Zn⋯O and explore the uncommon Zn⋯Cl and Cd⋯S spodium bonds. This review presents a fresh perspective on the synthesis, characterization, supramolecular synthons, and applications of SpB-containing Zn/Cd complexes. It primarily covers Zn/Cd metal complexes for which X-ray structures are available through CSD searches. This review examines how SpBs differ from other NCIs and identifies weaknesses in the characterization of SpB features. Characterizations covered by Hirshfeld surfaces, QTAIM/NCI plots, RDG, NBO, AIM, BCP, and MEP investigations are described. Meanwhile, the limitations of SpB characterization and DFT-level selection are discussed. This review reveals the limited applicability of HS and QTAIM/NCI plots, which are insufficient for quantum data, and the significance of SpB in biological fields. It discusses the challenges and future perspectives. It focuses on refining the complex synthetic methods, highlighting the application of SpB-bonded Zn/Cd complexes in materials science, and describes the promising biological applications of AI and bioinformatics. Therefore, this comprehensive review presents several new ideas for the next generation of researchers who wish to explore the spodium bond concept. It candidly provides valuable insights into the current trends in the coordination chemistry of SpB-containing Zn/Cd complexes.
More Related Videos
09:22Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
Published on: July 25, 2025
12:30Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
Published on: April 9, 2018
Related Concept Videos
02:42Valence Bond Theory
02:46Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
02:32Bonding in Metals
02:58Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
02:54Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature
02:51Metal-Ligand Bonds
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...