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Electrical Synapses

Electrical Synapses

Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...

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A Low-Voltage Stretchable Synaptic Transistor Array for Temperature Perception, Facilitated Associative Learning, and

Dingzhou Cui¹, Zhiyuan Zhao², Fugu Tian¹

¹Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|December 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed temperature-modulated stretchable synaptic transistors for brain-inspired electronics. These devices show enhanced neuromorphic performance by sensing temperature, improving memory and learning capabilities under mechanical strain.

Keywords:

SU-8 carbon nanotubes neuromorphic computing stretchable electronics synaptic transistor temperature modulation

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Neuroscience
Electronics

Background:

Stretchable synaptic transistors are key for neuromorphic systems in soft robotics and wearables.
Temperature perception and low-power operation are crucial for biological fidelity and energy efficiency.
The interaction between mechanical strain, temperature, and synaptic function is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a temperature-modulated stretchable synaptic transistor (TM-SST) array.
To investigate the impact of temperature on synaptic properties and neuromorphic performance.
To demonstrate enhanced functionality through temperature modulation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a high-density TM-SST array using photolithography and a transfer-free process.
Integration of a semiconductor carbon nanotube (s-CNT) network channel and an SU-8 dielectric layer.
Characterization of device performance under varying temperatures (10-40 °C) and mechanical strain (up to 40%).

Main Results:

Achieved high on-off ratio (∼10^5) at low gate voltage (±2.5 V).
Demonstrated temperature-dependent modulation of postsynaptic current (PSC), plasticity, memory retention, and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF).
Observed stable performance under 40% strain and enhanced memory retention (seconds to minutes) with a 15 °C cooling.

Conclusions:

The developed TM-SST array enables temperature perception for enhanced neuromorphic functionality.
Temperature modulation offers a novel pathway to improve learning speed and memory retention in stretchable synaptic devices.
This work advances the development of bio-inspired electronic systems for applications requiring sensory feedback and adaptive learning.