Platelet membrane-camouflaged magnetic nano-formulations for improving acute thrombosis therapy

Thrombosis persists as the primary cause of life-threatening cardiovascular disorders globally. The inability of drugs to accurately locate the disease site and short blood circulation time are the main reasons affecting thrombus treatment. To improve treatment efficacy, a targeted antithrombotic strategy has been developed to specifically deliver drugs to thrombotic sites. The platelet membrane-camouflaged magnetic nanoformulations have been fabricated as a dual-targeting nanocarrier for co-delivery the thrombolytic agent urokinase (UK) and the anticoagulant tirofiban (TF). The nanoformulations were created by encapsulating the drugs within magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS), followed by coating with polydopamine (PDA) and a platelet membranes (PMs) to form the final composite, referred to as TU-MMS@PP. The PMs coating enhances biocompatibility, prolongs circulation time in vivo, and extends the half-life of the loaded drugs. Additionally, the PMs camouflage provides the nanoparticles with "stealth" properties, allowing them to evade immune detection and clearance, thereby improving targeted delivery to thrombus sites and enhancing thrombolytic efficiency. In vivo studies confirmed that the TU-MMS@PP nanoformulations could rapidly restore blood flow at thrombosed sites within 30 min, demonstrating their potential as an effective antithrombotic therapy.