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Related Concept Videos

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Primary cilia as architects of the neocortex: Roles in brain development, function, and microcephaly.

Oskar Kaaber Thomsen1, Jindřiška Leischner Fialová1, Canan Doganli2

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Developmental Cell
|December 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Primary hereditary microcephaly (MCPH) involves primary cilia, crucial for brain development. Understanding these cilia

Keywords:
brain developmentmicrocephalyneocortexneural regenerationneural stem cellsneurodevelopmental disordersprimary cilia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Primary hereditary microcephaly (MCPH) etiology is unclear.
  • MCPH genes are increasingly linked to primary cilia.
  • Primary cilia are vital organelles for vertebrate development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Examine primary cilia's role in brain development.
  • Investigate how MCPH protein disruptions affect cilia.
  • Identify new cilia-related neurodevelopmental proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis.
  • Analysis of existing MCPH and cilia research.
  • Perspective on protein function and ciliary dynamics.

Main Results:

  • MCPH proteins often converge on primary cilia.
  • Disruptions in MCPH proteins compromise ciliary function.
  • Several cilia-related proteins may influence neurodevelopment.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are central to MCPH pathogenesis.
  • Elucidating cilia-neurodevelopment links may aid neuroregeneration.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting cilia could benefit neurodevelopmental disorders.