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Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...
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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is essential in construction planning, water resource management, and land-use analysis. The primary outcome of such surveys is a topographic map, which uses contour lines to visually represent the shape and slope of the terrain, providing valuable insights into the landscape's characteristics.Contour lines are fundamental to understanding the...
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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional terrain. Creating a topographic map requires a systematic approach.Begin by plotting a scaled grid and marking intersections corresponding to the survey's elevation data points. Assign elevation values at these intersections to build the base map. Next, determine contour levels using a consistent contour interval,...
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Novel mapping approach for coastal boulders using deep learning.

Keitaro Yamada1,2, Daisuke Ishimura3,4, Naotaka Chikasada5

  • 1Research Centre for Palaeoclimatology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan. kei_yamada@sci.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp.

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|December 5, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces an automated method for mapping coastal boulders using drones and AI, improving the speed and accuracy of analyzing past inundation events like tsunamis and storm surges.

Keywords:
Coastal bouldersDeep learningMask R-CNNStructure-from-motionUAV-based photogrammetry

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Area of Science:

  • Geosciences
  • Remote Sensing
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Coastal boulders offer crucial data on past inundation events, such as tsunamis and storm surges.
  • Manual boulder mapping is time-consuming and lacks precision, limiting detailed analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, automated approach for rapid and precise coastal boulder mapping and volume calculation.
  • To enhance the understanding of coastal boulder transport mechanisms during inundation events.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for data acquisition.
  • Application of a mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) for automated boulder detection.
  • Utilizing digital surface models (DSM) for accurate boulder volume estimation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high precision in boulder detection and measurement, with an F1-score of 0.863.
  • Demonstrated superior accuracy in volume calculations using DSM compared to traditional methods.
  • Validated the approach on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan.

Conclusions:

  • The developed automated approach significantly improves the speed and precision of coastal boulder mapping.
  • This method provides a valuable tool for studying past inundation events and informing coastal disaster response.
  • Establishes a baseline for future advancements in automated geological mapping.