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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components
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3D-Printed Multifunctional Hydrogel for Integrated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Infrared Stealth, and

Jianshe Hao1,2,3, Song Hu2,4, Di Liu2,4

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel 3D-printable hydrogel with integrated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, infrared stealth, and motion sensing capabilities. The advanced material offers a flexible, lightweight solution for next-generation wearable electronics and thermal camouflage applications.

Keywords:
electromagnetic shieldinginfrared thermal invisibilitymultifunctional hydrogelvat photopolymerization 3D printingwearable flexible sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials lack flexibility and multifunctionality.
  • Integrating multiple functions into hydrogels via simple fabrication is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop a one-pot synthesized, 3D-printable hydrogel with EMI shielding, infrared stealth, and wearable sensing.
  • Overcome limitations of conventional conductive fillers and hydrogel systems.

Main Methods:

  • One-pot synthesis of an ionic liquid (EBIB)-based conductive hydrogel.
  • Vat photopolymerization 3D printing for tailored topological structures.
  • Characterization of EMI shielding, infrared thermal transmission, adhesion, and sensing performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 34.5 dB EMI shielding efficiency in the X-band.
  • Demonstrated effective infrared stealth, limiting temperature increase to 24°C on a 100°C hot stage.
  • Exhibited high strain sensitivity (GF=5.282), fast response (165 ms), and good cycling stability for motion sensing.

Conclusions:

  • The multifunctional hydrogel integrates EMI shielding, infrared camouflage, and wearable sensing in a single 3D-printable system.
  • Offers a competitive material solution for advanced wearable electronics and sensors.
  • EBIB as a conductive medium enhances conductivity and interfacial polarization for superior performance.