Recent advances in numerical simulation of magnetically guided drug delivery systems and applications

Magnetically guided drug delivery (MGDD) employs magnetic forces acting on magnetically responsive drug delivery systems (DDS) to direct therapeutic agents toward diseased regions, thereby enhancing local drug accumulation while minimising systemic side effects. Numerical simulation, grounded in the physical principles governing MGDD, provides an efficient computational framework for modelling and visualising these processes, thereby accelerating progress in MGDD research. This review comprehensively summarises recent advances in the application of numerical simulation to MGDD, including magnet design and analysis, multiscale modelling of DDS transport processes at macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic scales, and DDS design and evaluation. In addition, the integration of optimisation algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) with numerical simulation for MGDD is discussed. Finally, future perspectives are presented, emphasising the development of high-fidelity, multiscale, and AI-driven simulation frameworks to accelerate clinical translation toward personalised, efficient MGDD-based therapeutic systems.