Metabolomics identifies riboflavin as a therapeutic agent for acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a self-limiting inflammatory disorder, but severe cases can lead to persistent organ failure with high mortality. Metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory activation play critical roles in AP pathogenesis, highlighting the metabolic-inflammation crosstalk as a potential therapeutic target. Although riboflavin, an essential water-soluble vitamin, has been implicated in modulating disease processes, its role in AP remains unclear. In this study, untargeted metabolomics identified significant riboflavin downregulation in an AP mouse model. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that riboflavin intervention (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) ameliorated pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation, with 50 mg/kg exhibiting optimal efficacy. Targeted metabolomics revealed elevated acetate levels following riboflavin supplementation. At the same time, transcriptomic and molecular biology assays showed riboflavin-mediated downregulation of HDAC3, a key acetate downstream target, and suppression of NF-κB pathway activation. In vitro, riboflavin and acetate mitigated pancreatic acinar cell damage, including apoptosis and necrosis, and inhibited NF-κB signaling. Rescue experiments using the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 further provided pharmacological evidence for a mechanistic link between the acetate-HDAC3 axis and riboflavin's protective effects. Collectively, these findings reveal that riboflavin alleviates AP, and its effect is associated with the modulation of the acetate-HDAC3 axis, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for this condition.