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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure
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A 3D phantom for EIT printed in a single part.

Andrew Creegan1, Bryan Ruddy1, Andrew Taberner1

  • 1Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|December 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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This study introduces novel 3D printed phantoms for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) imaging. These all-in-one phantoms with varying conductivity are effective for EIT device calibration and characterization.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging Technology
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) requires well-characterized imaging phantoms for device calibration and study.
  • Existing phantom fabrication methods can be complex and time-consuming.
  • A novel concept for 3D printed EIT phantoms was previously introduced.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fully realize and demonstrate the utility of a new type of 3D printed phantom for EIT.
  • To create a single-part, three-dimensional phantom with internal conductivity variations.
  • To validate the phantom's performance in EIT device calibration and imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 3D printing technology to fabricate all-in-one phantoms with internal regions of differing infill density.
Keywords:
3D printingElectrical impedance tomographyImaging phantom

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  • Correlating infill density with electrical conductivity, the key property imaged by EIT.
  • Printing three prototype phantoms, including one with human lung geometry.
  • Developing and demonstrating a calibration technique using the 3D printed phantoms.
  • Generating and comparing images from physical measurements with simulations.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully printed three-dimensional EIT phantoms in a single part.
    • Demonstrated effective EIT device calibration using the printed phantoms, yielding results comparable to traditional methods.
    • Generated images from physical measurements that closely matched simulations, confirming phantom characterization.
    • Included a phantom with complex anatomical geometry (human lung surface).

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printed phantoms offer an accessible and effective method for EIT research and device development.
    • The fabricated phantoms are well-characterized and suitable for EIT calibration and imaging studies.
    • This approach simplifies phantom creation and allows for complex internal geometries.
    • Wider adoption of this 3D printing technique for EIT phantoms is encouraged.