Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 9, 2026
In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Published on: May 5, 2023
Smaller medial component gaps at deep flexion are associated with better patient-reported outcomes after
Yutaka Nakamura1, Hiroyasu Ogawa1, Yusuke Ota1
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Gifu, Japan.
Purpose:
Soft tissue balance is essential for optimal function and satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the clinical significance of medial gap patterns across the entire range of motion (ROM) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between intraoperative medial gap patterns and post-operative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in robotic-assisted cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA. It was hypothesized that medial gap patterns with smaller deep-flexion gaps relative to mid-flexion or 90° flexion would be associated with superior PROMs.
Methods:
This retrospective study included 102 patients (120 knees) who underwent primary robotic-assisted CR TKA. Bone and cartilage resection thickness and simulated gaps were assessed at the planning stage, and the final component gaps were recorded at the trial stage. Medial gap patterns were classified as: 1 (constant), 2 (gradually increasing), 3 (increasing/decreasing) and 4 (gradually decreasing). Objective outcomes were assessed using the Knee Society Score (KSS), and subjective outcomes were evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Forgotten Joint Score-12 and the satisfaction score of the 2011 KSS.
Results:
Ten, 47, 51 and 12 knees were classified into Patterns 1-4, respectively. The resection gaps at flexion and the flexion-extension gap difference were relatively larger in Pattern 2. Objective outcomes were comparable among patterns; however, the PROMs differed significantly. Pattern 3 demonstrated better WOMAC stiffness and KSS satisfaction scores than Patterns 1 and 2.
Conclusion:
Medial gap patterns in which deep-flexion gaps did not exceed those at mid-flexion or 90° flexion were associated with better PROMs in robotic-assisted CR TKA. These findings support the hypothesis that avoiding underestimation of native joint gaps at deep flexion is important for optimizing patient-reported outcomes.
Level Of Evidence:
Level III.
