An updated comprehensive review on phytochemical Crinum L. genus alkaloids (2013-2025): Unlocking their anticancer...

Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) is widely recognized for its ornamental significance and phytochemical richness, particularly its diverse bioactive alkaloids. These alkaloids demonstrate promising anticancer properties, with mechanisms involving the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumor proliferation, and suppression of angiogenesis. Studies on Crinum L. species have revealed that bulbs and roots harbor the highest concentrations of bioactive alkaloids, making them the most valuable sources for pharmaceutical applications. These organs are rich in lycorine-, crinine-, and galantamine-type alkaloids, which exhibit potent cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. However, only 35 out of 130 Crinum L. species have undergone phytochemical investigation, presenting a considerable research gap. This review examines over 60 Crinum L. species and covers ∼200 alkaloids. It provides a holistic and updated overview of Crinum L. alkaloids from 2013 to 2025, including their biosynthetic pathways, structural classification, and biological activities, with an emphasis on their potential in cancer therapeutics. Additionally, future research directions are proposed, including the development of advanced drug delivery systems, synthetic modifications, and clinical applications, to bridge the gap between phytochemical studies and medical applications.