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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
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Exploring trait- and state-based dietary restraint using ecological momentary assessment.

Rebecca L Elsworth1, Elanor C Hinton2, Julian P Hamilton-Shield2

  • 1Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

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Summary

This study shows that trait-based dietary restraint correlates with lower hunger and smaller portion sizes. A novel ecological momentary assessment tool (MAC) also measured state-based restraint, finding a link to lower BMI.

Keywords:
AppetiteBMIDietary restraintEating behaviourEcological momentary assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Trait-based questionnaires are commonly used to assess dietary restraint, but their connection to real-life eating behaviors and appetite is not fully understood.
  • Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) offers a technological solution to capture real-time, in-the-moment experiences of appetite and eating behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate appetite and prospective portion-size selection in trait-based restrained eaters using a novel EMA tool called Momentary Appetite Capture (MAC).
  • To explore the measurement of state-based dietary restraint using MAC and its relationship with Body Mass Index (BMI).

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-four participants completed seven daily text-message prompts via MAC over two weekdays.
  • MAC assessed current appetite, portion-size selection, and state-based dietary restraint in real-time.
  • Statistical analyses included calculating daily area-under-the-curve and range for appetite measures, and the percentage of avoided temptations for state-based restraint.

Main Results:

  • Trait-based dietary restraint was negatively correlated with daily hunger (area-under-the-curve) and prospective portion-size selection (area-under-the-curve and range).
  • Exploratory analysis indicated a negative relationship between MAC's state-based dietary restraint measure and BMI.

Conclusions:

  • The MAC tool effectively measures real-time fluctuations in appetite and state-based dietary restraint.
  • This research suggests that EMA tools like MAC can provide valuable insights into how real-world dietary restraint influences BMI.