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Examining performance changes using multiple goal setting with a focus on the SMART principle.

Saeed Shokri1, Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi2, Behzad Behzadnia2

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Goal setting in soccer training significantly improves long-term skill retention and transfer. Multiple goal-setting strategies, based on the SMART principle, demonstrated superior performance compared to other methods and a control group.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Motor Learning
  • Psychology of Sport

Background:

  • Mental training is crucial for athletic preparation.
  • Goal setting is a widely used mental technique in sports.
  • The SMART principle (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) guides effective goal setting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different goal-setting strategies on soccer passing performance.
  • To compare the effectiveness of multiple goal setting versus single-focus (process, performance, outcome) goal setting.
  • To evaluate the long-term retention and transfer of skills acquired through goal-setting interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group was used.
  • Fifty novice male soccer players were divided into five groups: multiple goal setting, process, performance, outcome, and control.
  • Participants underwent 15 training sessions combining soccer passing practice with specific goal-setting tasks, followed by immediate, delayed retention, and transfer tests.

Main Results:

  • All groups showed initial improvements in the acquisition phase, with no significant differences between them.
  • In the retention and transfer phases, all goal-setting groups significantly outperformed the control group.
  • The multiple goal-setting group achieved the highest performance scores in both retention and transfer tests.

Conclusions:

  • Goal-setting strategies based on the SMART principle enhance long-term retention and transfer of soccer passing skills.
  • Multiple goal setting appears more effective than single-focus strategies for improving skill retention and transfer in soccer.
  • Coaches and sport psychologists should consider integrating multiple goal-setting strategies into training programs to optimize skill development.