In Situ Observation of Na₂S Growth: A Step Toward High-Energy and Safer Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Batteries

The Na₂S cathode presents a promising metal-free sodium configuration for high-energy room-temperature sodium sulfur (RT Na─S) batteries. However, the rational design of Na₂S cathodes to overcome their poor electronic conductivity and sluggish conversion kinetics remains a major challenge. Here, an in situ carbothermic reduction strategy is reported to fabricate atomic Mo anchored on Na₂S/C (including single Mo atom and Mo clusters) as cathode materials for RT Na─S batteries. In situ transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique reveal that atomic Mo could form a low-temperature eutectic phase, which catalytically lowers the formation temperature of Na₂S. This Mo-Na₂S/C exhibits remarkable cyclic stability, achieving an initial capacity of 1617 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 and a low activation voltage of 1.89 V. Notably, when paired with hard carbon, the safe sodium full cell delivers an impressive initial reversible capacity of 952 mAh g^-1. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the atomic Mo facilitates the interfacial electron transfer between Mo and Na₂S, which modulates the bandgap of Na₂S and reduces its reaction barriers to polysulfide, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics. These findings offer an effective strategy for developing high-performance Na₂S cathodes and provide deeper insights into electrode preparation mechanisms.