Turner Syndrome and Hepatic Adenomas: A Case Report
1Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
Cureus
|December 8, 2025
Abstract
None:
This case report describes large hepatic adenomas in a 35-year-old woman with Turner syndrome (TS) who had long-standing oral estradiol exposure and metabolic syndrome. Patients with TS may be at increased risk of hepatic adenomas when compared to the general population. Future research papers should seek to understand the true incidence of hepatic adenomas in TS, whether we should implement routine imaging screening for hepatic adenomas without abnormal liver function labs, and whether transdermal estradiol is safe after a diagnosis of hepatic adenomas.
Related Concept Videos
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology
58
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
58
Cirrhosis I: Introduction
32
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
32
Hepatic Encephalopathy
71
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
71


