Advanced Interfacial Engineering of Graphite Anodes for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries

Graphite remains the most competitive anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent cycling stability. However, under extreme conditions such as fast charging and low temperatures, its structural integrity and safety are still challenged. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in interfacial engineering of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite anodes. First, the formation pathways, physicochemical characteristics, and functional roles of SEI components are analyzed to establish a mechanistic understanding. Building on this knowledge, SEI modification strategies are categorized according to component-targeted design, highlighting approaches that enhance rate capability, low-temperature performance, and long-term stability. Finally, key characterization techniques for evaluating graphite anodes and their SEI layers are discussed, with emphasis on structural, mechanical, and thermal properties relevant to performance assessment. By integrating mechanistic insights, design strategies, and evaluation methods, this review provides a coherent framework for rational SEI engineering, aiming to guide the development of high-performance graphite anodes capable of reliable operation under demanding conditions.