[Diagnostics of lung diseases based on small specimens : Biopsies and cytology]

This article provides a practice-oriented overview of how thoracic diseases can be reliably assessed using small specimens. It demonstrates how cytologic and histologic methods complement each other, why careful preanalytical handling and specimen triage/tissue stewardship are critical, and how ancillary studies can be used judiciously to conserve tissue. The article also addresses current developments such as digital analysis workflows and offers practical recommendations-including common pitfalls and guidance on interpreting results.