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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

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Published on: December 17, 2019

A Universal Boosting Strategy for Adoptive T-cell Therapy Using a Paired Vaccine/Chimeric Antigen Receptor.

Rebecca Burchett^1,2,3, Claire G Morris^1,2,3, Mira Ishak^1,2,3

¹Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.

Cancer Immunology Research

|December 8, 2025

Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for cancer treatment but requires effective boosting strategies. This study found that TCR-mediated vaccine boosting improved T-cell persistence and tumor eradication compared to CAR-mediated boosting.

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Biotechnology

Background:

Adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells can be boosted by vaccines encoding tumor antigens.
Current methods require prior knowledge of tumor epitopes and personalized vaccines, limiting clinical feasibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a universal strategy for boosting transferred tumor-specific T cells using a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) paired with a vaccine encoding the CAR target antigen.
To compare CAR-mediated boosting with T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated boosting for enhancing anti-tumor immunity.

Main Methods:

Engineered murine T cells with boosting CARs against a surrogate antigen.
Administered vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vaccines encoding the CAR target antigen.
Blocked IFNAR1 to assess its impact on CAR-T cell function.
Compared CAR-mediated boosting with TCR-mediated boosting using vaccines encoding tumor antigens recognized by the native TCR.

Main Results:

CAR-mediated boosting with VSV vaccines led to robust T cell expansion and delayed tumor progression, further enhanced by IFNAR1 blockade.
However, CAR-T cells rapidly contracted, and tumors re-emerged.
TCR-mediated boosting resulted in improved T cell persistence, expansion of endogenous tumor-reactive cells, and complete tumor eradication.

Conclusions:

CAR-mediated vaccine boosting requires further research to understand its mechanisms and optimize its efficacy.
TCR-mediated boosting demonstrated superior long-term tumor control by engaging endogenous T cells.
Engaging endogenous tumor-reactive T cells during vaccination is crucial for achieving sustained anti-tumor immunity.