Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

3.1K
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
3.1K
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

526
Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
526
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

6.8K
Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
6.8K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

40.3K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
40.3K
Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

148.0K
Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...
148.0K
Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules01:10

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

9.7K
Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
9.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Purification and concentration of model viruses using single-pass tangential flow filtration.

Biotechnology progress·2026
Same author

Effect of Copolymer Chemistry on the Humidity- and Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Structure of Polyelectrolyte Complexes.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Developing Design Rules for Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials: Role of Polyelectrolyte Length, Charged Group, and Backbone.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Fundamentals and Design Rules of Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials: A Comprehensive Review.

Chemical reviews·2026
Same author

A continuous viral vaccine biomanufacturing platform utilizing multiple bioreactor configurations.

Journal of biological engineering·2026
Same author

LEGO®-inspired electrically-actuated microfluidics for on-chip protein crystallization and <i>in situ</i> X-ray crystallography.

Lab on a chip·2026
Same journal

Predicting Nirmatrelvir Resistance in SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> Mutants with an Integrated Computational Framework.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same journal

From Cation Solvation to Anion Coordination: Lewis-Acidic Boranes Enable Halide Salt Electrolytes.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same journal

In Vitro-Prepared A30P Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils Adopt the Conserved and Disease-Relevant Greek Key Fold.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same journal

Metastructure Analysis of Self-Assembled Nanocubes with Different Equatorial Methyl Groups Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same journal

A Cocoordinated <sup>1</sup>H Internal Reference Quantifies Proton-Exchange Bias in Coordinated-Water Diffusion.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Electrolyte-Dependent Coordination Site Dynamics for Redox Mediator Design in Lithium-O<sub>2</sub> Batteries: Exchange vs Rearrangement.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

13.9K

Thermodynamic Basis of Sugar-Dependent Polymer Stabilization: Informing Biologic Formulation Design.

Praveen Muralikrishnan1,2, Jonathan W P Zajac2,3, Caryn L Heldt4

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|December 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how sugars like glucose and sucrose impact macromolecule stability. At high concentrations, sugars can cause unfolding, but mixtures may stabilize biological formulations.

More Related Videos

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

24.3K
Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions
09:15

Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

13.9K
Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

24.3K
Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions
09:15

Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and biophysics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Macromolecule stabilization is crucial for biological formulations like vaccines and protein therapeutics.
  • Understanding excipient interactions is key to developing effective drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of four common sugars (α-glucose, β-fructose, trehalose, sucrose) on macromolecule stability using computational models.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which sugars influence polymer folding and unfolding.

Main Methods:

  • Coarse-grained polymer modeling was employed to simulate macromolecule-sugar interactions.
  • Free energy decomposition and preferential interaction analyses were performed.
  • Polymer-solvent and local mixing entropy were analyzed across varying sugar concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Polymer-sugar interactions favor folding at low concentrations but promote unfolding at higher concentrations.
  • Polymer-solvent soft interaction entropy consistently favors unfolding.
  • At higher sugar concentrations, entropic penalties become the dominant factor in polymer stability.
  • Binary sugar mixtures were found to introduce entropic contributions that stabilize the folded state.

Conclusions:

  • Sugar-excipient interactions have complex concentration-dependent effects on macromolecule stability.
  • Both polymer-sugar and polymer-solvent interactions, along with entropic effects, play critical roles in stabilization.
  • Findings provide insights for the rational design of stable biological formulations using sugar-based excipients.