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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

An Experimental Model of Myocardial Infarction for Studying Cardiac Repair and Remodeling in Knockout Mice

An Experimental Model of Myocardial Infarction for Studying Cardiac Repair and Remodeling in Knockout Mice

Published on: July 14, 2023

Galectin-3 as a cardiac biomarker.

Asif Ahmad Bhat¹, Yahia Alghazwani², Kumarappan Chidambaram²

¹BM College of Pharmacy, Farrukh nagar, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry

|December 8, 2025

Summary

Standardizing galectin-3 (Gal-3) testing is crucial for reliable heart failure management. This review outlines essential preanalytical, analytical, and reporting methods for accurate Gal-3 biomarker implementation in clinical practice.

Keywords:

Cardiac fibrosis Electrochemical biosensors Galectin-3 Heart failure Molecularly imprinted polymers Point-of-care diagnostics SERS Translational medicine

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In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter

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Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

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Published on: July 14, 2023

A Sensitive and Specific Quantitation Method for Determination of Serum Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C by Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay

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In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter

In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter

Published on: February 22, 2022

Area of Science:

Laboratory Medicine
Biomarker Discovery
Cardiovascular Diagnostics

Background:

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a promising biomarker for cardiac fibrosis and heart failure management.
Clinical utility of Gal-3 is hindered by a lack of standardized testing protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and address key elements for implementing standardized Gal-3 testing in laboratory medicine.
To provide a framework for reliable and clinically pertinent Gal-3 biomarker assessment.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of preanalytical (specimen handling, storage), analytical (immunoassays, biosensors), and standardization issues (calibrators, reference materials).
Evaluation of Gal-3's role in heart failure phenotyping, risk stratification, and monitoring of antifibrotic therapies.
Consideration of biological confounders and reporting standardization for inter-institutional comparability.

Main Results:

Identified critical preanalytical factors for reliable Gal-3 results, including specimen collection and handling.
Assessed analytical performance of various immunoassay platforms and emerging biosensors.
Highlighted standardization challenges related to calibrator traceability, reference materials, and quality assessment.

Conclusions:

Standardization of preanalytical, analytical, and reporting methods is essential for clinical Gal-3 implementation.
A comprehensive framework integrating assay engineering, quality systems, and evidence-based interpretation is proposed.
Standardized Gal-3 testing will enhance its utility in heart failure management, phenotyping, and therapeutic monitoring.