Dual Regulatory Roles of USP10 in Tau Pathology and Neuronal Fate During Alzheimer's Disease Progression

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal cell death, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline. Aggregation of Tau protein in neurons is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Tau aggregates increase as the disease progresses and contribute to neuronal cell death. This study investigated the role of ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) in Tau pathology and neuronal viability in AD. We found that the expression of USP10 was reduced in the brains of late-stage AD patients with severe Tau aggregate accumulation, which correlated with increased neuronal apoptosis. Mechanistically, our results suggest that USP10 downregulation in late-stage AD may be due to its degradation by the accumulation of p62, an inducer of selective autophagy. Brain-specific Usp10 knockout mice show increased neuronal apoptosis during embryonic development and postnatal brain atrophy. In the P301S-Tau transgenic mice, heterozygous Usp10 knockout lowered Tau levels and slightly improved early survival, suggesting USP10 has stage-dependent effects: its reduction lessens Tau burden early but worsens neuronal loss in late stage. This study identifies USP10 as a key regulator of Tau pathology and neuronal survival in AD.