[Perioperative Treatment of Lung Cancer:Historical Developments, Current Evidence, and Future Perspectives]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with high recurrence risk even after curative surgery. Perioperative treatment, including neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies, has historically relied on platinum-based chemotherapy, which modestly improved survival outcomes. Recent advances have introduced immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as transformative options. Landmark trials, such as CheckMate 816, KEYNOTE-671, ADAURA, and ALINA, demonstrated significant improvements in pathological response, disease-free survival, and, in some cases, overall survival. ICIs have become a standard component for resectable stageⅡ-Ⅲ NSCLC, while osimertinib and alectinib established new standards for EGFR- and ALK-positive tumors, respectively. Remaining challenges include optimal patient selection, integration with surgery, and biomarker development. Future directions point to personalized strategies incorporating circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) monitoring and novel therapies to further enhance prognosis in resectable NSCLC.