Resistance training-induced adaptations in the neuromuscular system: Physiological mechanisms and implications for...

Repeated exposure to external resistive stimuli elicits multiple physiological adaptations that together optimise motor control and enhance human performance. These adaptations manifest as plastic and functional changes mediated by molecular cascades acting across the neuromuscular system. Initial strength gains are accompanied by modifications at the level of supraspinal and spinal regions, as well as within spinal motoneurons. With chronic resistance training, these neural changes are complemented by intramuscular signalling pathways that mediate myofibre hypertrophy and improve metabolic function. Although many molecular and functional mechanisms have been characterised, the precise mapping between distinct training stimuli (e.g. load, velocity, volume, rest) and their neuromechanical outcomes (maximal force, rate of force development, endurance), integrated with a mechanistic view of the physiological pathways mediating such adaptations, remains fragmented. This topical review unifies current theoretical models and empirical findings, identifies key gaps in our understanding of stimulus-response specificity and proposes an integrative framework to guide future research. By summarising how different resistance‑training parameters selectively stress the neural system and muscular apparatus, we propose both a scientific source for researchers and practical recommendations for clinicians and sports scientists to optimise protocols aimed at the improvement of maximal strength, power and endurance adaptations, alongside detailing the precise physiological modifications mediating such responses.