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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy
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Giant Energy-Storage in Pb-Free Relaxor Ferroelectrics via Atomic-level Design.

Xin Xiong1, Yubai Shi2, Ji Zhang3

  • 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Advanced Materials Innovation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new atomic-level design for perovskite relaxor ferroelectrics, enhancing dielectric energy storage. This strategy boosts energy density and polarizability, paving the way for advanced electronic capacitors.

Keywords:
atomic‐level designdielectric energy‐storage ceramicslocal structureperovskiterelaxor ferroelectrics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Ceramics

Background:

  • Perovskite relaxor ferroelectrics are crucial for dielectric energy-storage capacitors.
  • Limited energy density due to early polarization saturation and polarizability decline under high fields hinders applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations in energy density for perovskite relaxor ferroelectrics.
  • To develop an atomic-level design strategy for enhanced polarization and energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic-level design integrating framework, ferroelectric-active, and rattling ions.
  • Large-scale simulations and neutron total scattering for local structure analysis.
  • Design and synthesis of (Ba0.5Bi0.25Na0.25)(Ti,Zr)O3 system.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated cooperative local polarization enhancement and rattling effects.
  • Identified size differences between ions for polarization enhancement.
  • Achieved deferred polarization saturation and record-high polarizability under ultrahigh fields.
  • Optimal composition yielded a giant energy density of 24.3 J cm⁻³ with 92.4% efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Established a universal design paradigm for relaxor ferroelectrics for next-generation dielectric capacitors.
  • Provided a theoretical framework for chemical design of complex ferroelectrics.
  • The designed material outperforms current bulk ceramic capacitors in energy density.