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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

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Thyroid-stimulating activity and chorionic gonadotropin.

B C Nisula, J M Ketelslegers

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |August 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Thyroid-stimulating activity (TSA) in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) appears intrinsic, acting as a partial agonist to pituitary thyrotropin (hTSH). Immunological and biochemical data suggest TSA is an inherent property of hCG or a similar glycoprotein.

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    Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Reproductive Biology
    • Glycoprotein Chemistry

    Background:

    • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone crucial for pregnancy.
    • hCG preparations contain a substance with thyroid-stimulating activity (TSA).
    • The precise nature of TSA within hCG remains incompletely understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the biochemical, biological, and immunological characteristics of TSA in hCG.
    • To determine if TSA is an intrinsic property of hCG or a separate contaminant.
    • To elucidate the relationship between TSA and the thyrotropin biological activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Mouse thyrotropin bioassay to assess TSA and pituitary thyrotropin (hTSH) activity.
    • Immunological assays using antisera against hCG subunits (alpha and beta).
    • Concanavalin A adsorption and elution to analyze glycoprotein properties.

    Main Results:

    • TSA in hCG exhibited a distinct time course in the bioassay compared to hTSH and long-acting thyroid stimulator.
    • Antiserum to hCG's alpha subunit neutralized TSA, while antiserum to the beta subunit neutralized hTSH antagonism by hCG.
    • hCG demonstrated partial agonist activity on hTSH, with TSA sharing antigenic determinants with both hCG subunits.
    • Biochemical analysis showed TSA and hCG immunoreactivity binding to concanavalin A, indicating a shared glycoprotein nature.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings support the hypothesis that TSA is an intrinsic property of hCG.
    • TSA is likely a component of the hCG glycoprotein molecule itself or a closely related entity.
    • hCG possesses inherent thyroid-stimulating properties, potentially influencing thyroid function during pregnancy.